Browsing by Author "Hoekman, Bernard"

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    Agricultural tariffs or subsidies: Wich are more important for developing economies?
    (2022-02-02) Hoekman, Bernard; Ng, Francis; Olarreaga, Marcelo
    This article assesses the impact of the world price-depressing effect of agricultural subsidies and border protection in OECD countries on developing economies exports,imports and welfarw.Developing economy exporters are likely to benefit from reductions in such subsidies and trade barriers whereas net importers may lose as world prices rise. A simple partial equilibrium modle of global trade in commodities that benifit from dimestic supportor export subsidies is developed to estimate the relevant elasticities. Simulation results suggest that a 50 percent reduction in border protection will have a mush larger positive impact on developing economies exports and welfare than a 50 percent reduction in agricultural subsidies.
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    Market access and multilateral trade agreements: the Uruguay round services negotiations
    (Institute of Public Policy studies , Michigan, 1992-01) Hoekman, Bernard
    In contrast to earlier multilateral trade negotiations, the concept of market was frequently employed by participants during the Uruguay round. Not only were discussions on further liberalization of trade in merchandise (agricultural, tropical, natural resource based and manufactured products) formally referred to as market access negotiations, market access emerged as a specific obligation to which signatories of the general agreement on trade in services (GATS) are to commit themselves. This paper discusses what market access means in the GATS context, the role of interest groups in determing the structure of the agreement and the extend to which it is likely to effectively increase access to service markets. Although it is not possible to provide an unambiguous answer to this question because the GATS is incomplete, it certainly offers the potential for a significant increase in access to foreign markets. However, a great deal depends on the wording of incomplete provisions and on the evolution of the coverage of the agreement.