In the course of the twentieth century, Austrian economics has come increasingly to be identified with Von Mises, Hayek and their followers who combine a radical subjective individualism in method with an extreme pro-capitalist liberal conservatism on policy questions. While historians of ideas have recognized the existence of a socialist rival to subjectivist economics in Austria, it is evident that this Austro-Marxist tradition came to an end with the death of its intellectual leaders Otto Bauer (in 1938) and Rudolf Hilferding (at the hands of the Gestapo in 1941).